🎯 Mock Test Series – I
Practice like a topper! This full-length UPSC Mock Test will test your knowledge, accuracy, and time management skills.
- 📘 Subjects: Polity, Economy, History, Geography, Environment, S&T, Current Affairs
- ⏱️ Time Limit: 2 Hours
- 📝 Total Questions: 100
- ⚡ Difficulty: Moderate to Tough
Results
HD Quiz powered by harmonic design
#1. The ‘Permanent Settlement’ system of land revenue was introduced by:
Answer: B. Lord Cornwallis
Permanent Settlement (1793) fixed land revenue permanently in Bengal.
#2. Which of the following is NOT a Fundamental Right under Part III of the Constitution?
Answer: B. Right to Property
Right to Property was removed from FRs by the 44th Amendment (1978).
#3. The term ‘Twin Balance Sheet Problem’ refers to:
Answer: A. Bad loans of banks and over-leveraged corporates
Both corporates and banks were financially stressed, creating a “twin” crisis.
#4. “India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)” was first announced at which international summit?
✅ Correct Answer: a) G20 Summit 2023
💡 Explanation:
The IMEC corridor, linking India with Europe via the Middle East, was launched at the G20 Summit held in New Delhi in 2023. It’s seen as a strategic counter to China’s Belt and Road Initiative.
#5. Which Indian state has launched the ‘Mukhyamantri Yuva Udyami Vikas Abhiyan’?
Answer: C
Explanation: Bihar launched the scheme to promote entrepreneurship.
#6. Which of the following are capital receipts of the Government of India?
#7. Which of the following best defines the term ‘Prompt Corrective Action (PCA)’ in Indian banking regulation?
Answer: 3) RBI’s mechanism to monitor and impose restrictions on weak banks
Triggered when thresholds of CRAR, NPA, and ROA are breached.
#8. The term ‘Ecological Footprint’ measures:
Answer: B. Land & resources needed for lifestyle
👉 Used to assess sustainability.
#9. With reference to the External Commercial Borrowings (ECBs), which are correct?
-
➡️ Correct Answer: 2
Explanation:
ECBs are usually denominated in foreign currency (not rupees). They are used by Indian companies for capital expansion and are regulated under FEMA and RBI guidelines. So, only 2 and 3 are correct, but the correct option is 2 only as per the original framing.
#10. The ‘PM-eBus Sewa Scheme’ aims to:
Answer: B
Explanation: It supports procurement of electric buses for public transport.
#11. The James Webb Space Telescope operates mainly in which spectrum?
Answer: C
Explanation: JWST observes mainly in the infrared spectrum.
#12. PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana (2024) aims to provide:
Answer: B. Rooftop solar power
Households to install rooftop solar panels for free electricity.
Consider the following events:
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Champaran Satyagraha
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Kheda Satyagraha
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Ahmedabad Mill Strike
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Rowlatt Satyagraha
#13. Arrange the events in chronological order:
Answer: B
Explanation: Champaran (1917), Ahmedabad (1918), Kheda (1918), Rowlatt (1919).
#14. NISAR, a joint satellite mission by NASA and ISRO, is primarily designed to:
🟩 Answer: 3
📝 Explanation:
NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) is an Earth observation satellite that uses L-band and S-band radar to monitor:
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Forest cover
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Ice sheets & glaciers
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Agricultural land
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Earthquakes & surface deformation
Arrange the following rivers from north to south based on their points of origin:
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Ravi
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Narmada
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Godavari
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Cauvery
#15. Choose the correct sequence:
Answer: 1) 1 – 2 – 3 – 4
#16. With reference to the Indian Freedom Struggle, which one of the following statements is correct?
Answer: 3) The Quit India Movement was launched after the failure of the Cripps Mission.
#17. ‘Chandrayaan-3’ successfully landed near which lunar region?
Answer: B
Explanation: It landed near Moon’s South Pole.
Consider the following pairs of tomato varieties and their special traits:
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Arka Shreshta – Resistant to Tomato Leaf Curl Virus
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Arka Vishal – High Total Soluble Solids (TSS), good for processing
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Arka Abhijit – Late maturing with poor shelf life
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Arka Samrat – Suitable for long-distance transport
#18. Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?
🟩 Answer: 1
📝 Explanation:
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✅ Arka Shreshta is resistant to ToLCV.
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✅ Arka Vishal is rich in TSS, ideal for processing.
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❌ Arka Abhijit is early maturing with good shelf life, not poor.
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✅ Arka Samrat is suitable for transportation and large-scale marketing.
#19. Which of the following taxes is NOT shared between Centre and States?
Answer: A. Corporation Tax
Corporation Tax is entirely collected and retained by the Centre.
With reference to ancient Indian architecture, consider the following statements:
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Chaitya halls were used for congregational worship in early Buddhism.
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Stupas were originally burial mounds and later became symbolic structures.
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Dravidian temple architecture began in the post-Mauryan period.
#20. Which of the statements is/are correct?
Answer: 1) 1 and 2 only
Dravidian style emerged later under Pallavas (post-Gupta period).
#21. In the context of the Indian economy, ‘bond yield inversion’ typically indicates:
#22. ‘LiDAR’ technology is used in:
Answer: B
Explanation: LiDAR uses lasers to measure distances and create 3D maps.
History
#23. During whose reign was the Vikrama Samvat calendar started?
Correct Answer: 2
Vikrama Samvat is associated with Chandragupta II (Gupta emperor).
Consider the following regarding ‘National Income’:
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It includes net factor income from abroad
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It is calculated at market prices
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It excludes indirect taxes and includes subsidies
#24. Choose the correct answer:
-
➡️ Correct Answer: 2
Explanation:
National Income = NNP at factor cost (not market prices). Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
#25. In the context of India, which of the following best describes ‘Twin Deficit’?
Answer: B
Explanation: Twin Deficit refers to Fiscal Deficit + Current Account Deficit.
#26. In the context of ancient India, the term ‘Sabha’ refers to:
Answer: A
Explanation: In Vedic period, Sabha was a village assembly of elders.
Which of the following statements about the Attorney General of India is/are true?
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He must be qualified to become a judge of the Supreme Court.
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He can participate in the proceedings of Parliament without voting rights.
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He is elected by both Houses of Parliament.
#27. Which of the following statements about the Attorney General of India is/are true?
✅ Explanation:
-
Appointed by the President (not elected) under Article 76.
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Should have SC-judge qualification.
-
Can speak in Parliament but cannot vote.
#28. The ‘Global Environment Facility’ (GEF) was established during:
Answer: A
Explanation: GEF was launched during the 1992 Rio Earth Summi
#29. Which Article of the Indian Constitution deals with Fundamental Rights?
Answer: A
Explanation: Fundamental Rights are covered from Article 12 to 35.
#30. Which of the following is NOT a constitutional body?
Answer: C. NITI Aayog
NITI Aayog was created by executive resolution, not constitutional provision.
#31. What best explains the concept of ‘Effective Revenue Deficit’?
-
➡️ Correct Answer: 3
Explanation:
Effective Revenue Deficit = Revenue Deficit – Grants for capital asset creation. It was introduced to better reflect the actual revenue shortfall excluding productive capital grants.
#32. Which of the following countries recently became the newest full member of BRICS+?
Explanation:
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1. Indonesia → ✔ Recently joined BRICS (as announced in 2025 updates).
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2. Nigeria → ❌ Not a full member yet.
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3. Iran → ❌ Still in observer/negotiation phase.
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4. Egypt → ❌ Not officially added in latest expansion.
#33. The National Green Tribunal was established in India under which of the following Acts?
✅ Correct Answer: 2. National Green Tribunal Act, 2010
📘 Explanation:
The National Green Tribunal (NGT) was created in 2010 via a separate Act passed by Parliament — the NGT Act, 2010.
It’s a special environmental court for speedy disposal of cases related to environmental protection and conservation.
With reference to the Bharat Forecasting System (BFS), which statements are correct?
I. Launched by Ministry of Earth Sciences
II. Uses 6-km resolution model
III. Developed with UK Met Office
#34. Choose the correct answer:
✅ Correct Answer: 3
🧠 Explanation: BFS was launched in May 2025 by MoES and uses a 6-km grid model. There’s no collaboration with the UK Met Office, so III is incorrect.
#35. The concept of “Basic Structure” of the Constitution was first established in which landmark case?
✅ Correct Answer: c) Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)
💡 Explanation:
In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that Parliament can amend the Constitution but cannot alter its basic structure — like democracy, secularism, and federalism. It’s a key pillar of Indian constitutional law.
#36. The recently launched ‘PM-PRANAM’ scheme is aimed at:
Answer: 2. Promoting use of bio-fertilizers and reducing chemical fertilizers
Explanation:
PM-PRANAM (Promotion of Alternate Nutrients for Agriculture Management Yojana) encourages states to reduce chemical fertilizer use and promote bio-inputs.
#37. The Tropic of Cancer passes through how many Indian states?
Answer: D
Explanation: It passes through 9 states including Gujarat, Rajasthan, MP, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, WB, Tripura, Mizoram, and Odisha.
#38. Who wrote the book ‘Discovery of India’?
Answer: C
Explanation: Nehru wrote this during his imprisonment in 1942–1946.
Which vehicles are considered alternative powertrain types?
I. Battery Electric Vehicles
II. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles
III. Fuel Cell-Electric Hybrids
#39. Choose the correct answer:
✅ Correct Answer: 3
🧠 Explanation: All three are part of the alternative powertrain category, used to reduce dependence on internal combustion engines and fossil fuels.
#40. ‘Liquidity trap’ refers to:
Answer: B. People hoard cash even at low interest rates
👉 Keynesian concept: monetary policy ineffective.
#41. Which river originates in India and flows through Pakistan and is a subject of the Indus Water Treaty?
✅ Correct Answer: B. Chenab
📘 Explanation:
The Chenab River originates in Himachal Pradesh, flows through Jammu & Kashmir, and enters Pakistan.
It’s covered under the Indus Water Treaty (1960) — Chenab is one of the western rivers allocated largely to Pakistan.
#42. What role do Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) play in GLOF preparedness?
Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) help in GLOF preparedness by tracking temperature, rainfall, humidity, and sometimes water levels, which are key indicators of glacial lake stability and potential flood risks.
#43. Which article of the Constitution deals with the Election Commission of India?
Explanation:
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1. Article 280 → ❌ Finance Commission
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2. Article 324 → ✔ Correct – empowers ECI to supervise and conduct elections
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3. Article 326 → ❌ Refers to adult suffrage
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4. Article 312 → ❌ All-India Services
#44. The phrase ‘No Detention Policy’ is associated with which act?
✅ Answer: 2
Explanation: RTE Act says no failing students up to Class 8 to ensure retention.
#45. What is the full form of GDP?
Answer: C
Explanation: GDP is the total value of goods and services produced within a country.
#46. Correct statement about monetary policy in India?
➡️ Correct Answer: 3
Explanation:
Higher repo rate → costly borrowing → reduced money supply → helps control inflation.
#47. Which Five-Year Plan is also known as the ‘Gadgil Yojana’?
#48. Which of the following national parks is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a Biosphere Reserve in India?
✅ Correct Answer: c) Manas
💡 Explanation:
Manas National Park, located in Assam, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, a Project Tiger reserve, and also a Biosphere Reserve. It has rare species like the Golden Langur and Pygmy Hog.
#49. Which statements are true about the GDP deflator?
Correct Answer: 3
Explanation:
GDP deflator reflects inflation for the entire economy (both goods and services). It’s broader than CPI. Statement 2 is wrong.
#50. Who was the founder of the Maurya Empire?
Answer: C. Chandragupta Maurya
With the help of Chanakya, he founded Mauryan Empire in 321 BCE.
Which of the following are greenhouse gases as per the Kyoto Protocol?
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Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
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Methane (CH₄)
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Nitrous oxide (N₂O)
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Water vapour
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Sulphur hexafluoride (SF₆)
#51. Choose the correct answer:
Correct Answer: 2
Kyoto Protocol includes CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, SF₆ (not water vapour).
#52. What is the traditional occupation of the Hatti tribe?
#53. Which rating agency downgraded global growth forecast for 2024 citing inflation?
➡️ Correct Answer: 3
Explanation:
In early 2024, Moody’s revised global growth projections downward due to persistent inflation, geopolitical tensions, and tightening monetary conditions.
#54. Which of the following powers can be exercised by a Governor at his/her own discretion?
Answer: 1. Appointment of Chief Minister
Explanation:
In case of hung assembly, the Governor can use discretion to appoint a CM who is likely to command majority. Other actions require aid and advice.
#55. The first Lok Sabha elections were held in:
Answer: C. 1951-52
First general elections were held in 1951–52, first Lok Sabha formed in April 1952.
#56. What is the primary objective of celebrating National Handloom Day?
Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?
Revolt — Leader
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Sanyasi Rebellion — Debi Singh
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Santhal Rebellion — Sidhu and Kanhu
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Munda Rebellion — Birsa Munda
#57. Select the correct answer:
Economy – Fiscal Consolidation
#58. Which of the following is not part of the government’s strategy for fiscal consolidation?
✅ Correct Answer: B. Increase in revenue expenditure
📘 Explanation:
-
Fiscal consolidation refers to reducing the fiscal deficit and stabilizing public finances.
-
A → Raising funds via disinvestment supports consolidation ✅
-
C → Asset monetization = unlock value, reduce deficit ✅
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D → Reducing subsidies lowers government spending ✅
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❌ B increases expenditure, which goes against consolidation efforts.
#59. ‘Mission LiFE’, launched by India and supported by the UN, focuses on:
🟩 Answer: B
The ‘Balance of Payments’ (BoP) of a country includes:
-
Current Account
-
Capital Account
-
Financial Account
#60. Select the correct answer:
Answer: D
Explanation: BoP includes Current Account + Capital Account + Financial Account.
#61. Arka Samrat, a hybrid developed by IIHR, is particularly recommended for:
🟩 Answer: 3
📝 Explanation:
Arka Samrat produces large, firm fruits with long shelf life and good transport quality—ideal for export and bulk supply chains.
#62. Which of the following countries is NOT crossed by the Equator?
Answer: 4. Mexico
Explanation:
Equator passes through 13 countries, including Ecuador, Kenya, and Indonesia — but not Mexico, which is in the Northern Hemisphere.
#63. Which of the following is not a criterion for selecting a wetland as a Ramsar Site?
Explanation:
The Ramsar Convention provides specific ecological criteria for identifying wetlands of international importance. These criteria focus on biodiversity, ecology, and waterbird populations.
True Ramsar Criteria:
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Supports endangered or vulnerable species
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Supports species at critical stages of life cycle (like breeding or migration)
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Regularly supports 20,000 or more waterbirds
❌ NOT a criterion:
-
Traditional human settlements — while important socially or culturally, this is not an ecological criterion under Ramsar listing.
#64. The ‘Ryotwari System’ of land revenue was introduced by:
Answer: B
Explanation: Thomas Munro introduced it in Madras Presidency.
#65. Which of the following is an endemic species of India?
Answer: A. Asiatic Lion
Found only in Gir National Park, Gujarat.
#66. Which of the following is not a member of the G7?
✅ Correct Answer: 3. Russia
Explanation:
-
1. Canada, 2. Japan, 4. Italy → ✔ All are G7 members
-
3. Russia → ❌ Removed in 2014 after Crimea annexation. Now, G7 = US, UK, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Italy.
#67. Which is NOT a gene-editing technology?
Answer: D. PCR
PCR amplifies DNA, not edits it.
#68. The term ‘Stagflation’ refers to a situation where:
✅ Answer: 2
Explanation: Stagflation = stagnant growth + high inflation + high unemployment.
#69. Who among the following first used the word ‘Swaraj’ in the context of Indian freedom?
Answer: B. Dadabhai Naoroji
👉 In 1906 Calcutta Session (INC), he demanded Swaraj.
#70. What does ‘Core Inflation’ refer to?
Correct Answer: 1
Explanation:
Core inflation = Headline inflation – volatile components (food & fuel). It shows underlying trends.
#71. Theme of India’s G20 Presidency (2023) was:
Answer: A. Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam – One Earth, One Family, One Future
Highlighted global unity and sustainability.
#72. In medieval India, ‘Jizya’ was:
Answer: B
Explanation: Jizya was a poll tax imposed on non-Muslims.
#73. The Phillips Curve illustrates the relationship between:
-
➡️ Correct Answer: 1
Explanation:
The Phillips Curve shows an inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment in the short run. As inflation rises, unemployment tends to fall, and vice versa—though this relationship may not hold in the long run.
Which of the following pollutants cause acid rain?
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Sulphur dioxide
-
Nitrogen oxides
-
Carbon monoxide
#74. Options:
Answer: A. 1 and 2 only
👉 SO₂ NOx react with water → acid rain.
#75. Which among the following is NOT included in ‘Capital Receipts’ of the Government of India?
Answer: D
Explanation: Corporate Tax is a revenue receipt, not a capital receipt.
#76. What is the main objective of the Paris Agreement under UNFCCC?
✅ Answer: 2
Explanation: Paris Agreement (2015) aims to keep warming well below 2°C, ideally 1.5°C.
#77. Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas?
Oxygen is not a greenhouse gas; it does not trap heat in the atmosphere.
#78. Which one of the following bodies is not mentioned in the Constitution of India?
#79. The demand for ST status by the Hatti community was pending for several decades. Which central authority approved it in 2022?
With reference to the ‘Doctrine of Basic Structure’, consider the following statements:
-
It was first propounded in the Keshavananda Bharati case.
-
It allows the Parliament to amend the Constitution without any restriction.
#80. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
#81. Which country recently joined BRICS in 2024?
Saudi Arabia joined BRICS in 2024, expanding the group’s influence in global energy markets.
Consider the following international environmental conventions:
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Minamata Convention
-
Basel Convention
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Cartagena Protocol
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Ramsar Convention
#82. Which of the above are legally binding on signatory countries?
Answer: 1) 1, 2 and 3 only
Ramsar is not legally binding, though widely followed.
#83. The procedure for amendment of the Constitution is borrowed from:
Answer: D. Canada
India adopted a “flexible + rigid” amendment procedure like Canada.
#84. What is the architectural style of Brihadeshwara Temple?
The Brihadeshwara Temple is built in the Dravidian architectural style, characterized by pyramidal towers (vimanas), large gopurams, and intricate carvings, typical of South Indian temple architecture.
#85. Which Indian city recently became the first to implement a 100% electric bus fleet?
Surat became India’s first city to operate only electric buses for public transport.
What is true about India’s genome-edited rice varieties?
I. They are world’s first genome-edited rice.
II. Pusa DST Rice 1 is salinity-tolerant.
III. They contain foreign DNA.
#86. Choose the correct answer:
✅ Correct Answer: 1
🧠 Explanation: India launched the first genome-edited rice variety (Pusa DST Rice 1) which is salinity-tolerant and does not use foreign DNA, so III is incorrect.
#87. Which of the following is not a condition for the issuance of Proclamation of Emergency under Article 352?
📘 Explanation:
Under Article 352 of the Constitution, the President can proclaim National Emergency only on the grounds of:
-
War
-
External aggression
-
Armed rebellion (replaced “internal disturbance” via 44th Amendment)
❌ Financial instability is not a ground for Article 352 — it may invoke Financial Emergency under Article 360 instead.
#88. Which of the following is NOT a function of the RBI?
Ans: C – FDI approvals are handled by govt, not RBI.
#89. Consider the following about ‘Repo Rate’:
➡️ Correct Answer: 4
Explanation:
Statements 1 and 2 are correct: repo rate is set by RBI and impacts liquidity. Statement 3 is incorrect — SEBI is not involved in setting monetary policy.
#90. Which of the following rivers does NOT form a delta before entering the sea?
With reference to the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), consider the following statements:
-
Every account holder under PMJDY gets a RuPay debit card.
-
Overdraft facility is available only after six months of satisfactory operation.
-
PMJDY accounts are eligible for Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT).
#91. Which of the above statements are correct?
Answer: 4) 1, 2 and 3
#92. Which of the following nations recently joined BRICS (2024 expansion)?
Answer: A. Saudi Arabia, Iran, UAE, Egypt, Ethiopia, Argentina
👉 BRICS expanded from 5 to 11 members in 2024.
#93. The ‘Data Protection Act, 2023’ in India:
Answer: C
Explanation: It regulates personal data processing with focus on consent.
#94. The Aadi Thiruvathirai festival is celebrated in honor of:
Aadi Thiruvathirai is celebrated in Tamil Nadu to honor Rajaraja Chola I, the great Chola ruler who built the Brihadeshwara Temple and expanded the Chola Empire. The festival marks his contributions to art, architecture, and administration.
#95. The ‘Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act’ was originally passed in:
➡️ Answer: 2
🧾 Explanation: The original Act was enacted in 1988. It was amended in 2016 to make it stricter.
#96. Rajendra Chola I established which city as his capital?
#97. The ‘Samudrayaan Mission’ of India aims to:
Answer: B
Explanation: Samudrayaan is India’s deep-ocean exploration mission.
#98. What is the main strategic goal of the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)?
✅ Correct Answer: 1. To provide an alternative to China’s Belt and Road Initiative
Explanation:
-
1. Alternative to BRI → ✔ Yes, IMEC is seen as a counter to China’s global infrastructure push.
-
2. Naval base in Red Sea → ❌ No such military aim stated.
-
3. Bypass Suez Canal → ❌ Partially true, but not the main strategic goal.
-
4. Agriculture exports to Africa → ❌ Not relevant to the IMEC corridor route.
#99. Which of the following technologies is most relevant for developing pest-resistant transgenic crops?
Answer: 1) RNA interference (RNAi)
Used in Bt brinjal, GM cotton to silence specific pest genes.
#100. The ‘Global Innovation Index (GII)’ is released annually by which organization?
🟩 Answer: 3
⬅️ DAILY 20 TEST