IAS Mumkin Hai – Swaleha Siddiqui
Agriculture Notes for UPSC (Prelims + Mains)
1. Importance of Agriculture
- Contributes ~15-16% to India’s GDP
- Employs ~45% of the population
- Supports rural livelihoods and food security
2. Types of Farming in India
| Type | Characteristics |
|---|---|
| Subsistence Farming | For family consumption, low technology use |
| Commercial Farming | Large-scale, market-oriented (e.g. cotton, sugarcane) |
| Organic Farming | Environment-friendly, no synthetic inputs |
| Precision Farming | Uses AI, GPS, and data analytics for efficient inputs |
3. Cropping Seasons
- Kharif: June – October (Rice, Maize, Cotton)
- Rabi: October – March (Wheat, Mustard, Gram)
- Zaid: March – June (Vegetables, Fruits)
4. Key Issues in Indian Agriculture
- Low productivity due to fragmented landholdings
- Heavy dependence on monsoon
- High input costs and low returns
- Post-harvest losses and lack of storage
5. Government Initiatives
- PM-KISAN: ₹6000 annually to farmers
- PMFBY: Crop insurance scheme
- e-NAM: Online national agriculture market
- Soil Health Card: To improve nutrient management
6. Sustainable Agriculture Practices
- Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF)
- Crop diversification
- Agroforestry
- Water-use efficiency (drip irrigation)
7. Mains Questions (GS3)
- Q1: Discuss the challenges in Indian agriculture and suggest reforms for sustainable development.
- Q2: Evaluate the role of technology in transforming Indian agriculture.
- Q3: How can public policy promote equitable growth in the agricultural sector?
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